Publications
2014
Shahroudi, Narges; Rossow, William
Using land surface microwave emissivities to isolate the signature of snow on different surface types Journal Article
In: Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 152, pp. 638–653, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR
@article{Shahroudi2014-on,
title = {Using land surface microwave emissivities to isolate the signature of snow on different surface types},
author = {Narges Shahroudi and William Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2014_Shahroudi_Rossow.1-s2.0-S0034425714002533-main.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.008},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-09-01},
urldate = {2014-09-01},
journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},
volume = {152},
pages = {638--653},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
abstract = {The objective of this paper is to better isolate the snow
signature in microwave signals to be able to explore the ability
of satellite microwave measurements to determine snowpack
properties. The surface microwave effective emissivities used in
this study are derived from SSM/I passive microwave observations
by removing the contributions of the cloud and atmosphere and
then separating out the surface temperature variations using
ancillary atmospheric, cloud and surface data. The sensitivity
of the effective emissivity to the presence/absence of snow is
evaluated for the Northern Hemisphere. The effect of the
presence of snow, the variation of land types, and temperature
on the emissivities have been examined by observing the temporal
and spatial variability of these measurements between 19 and 85
GHz over the Northern Hemisphere. The time-anomaly of
differences between effective emissivity at 19 V and 85 V
enabled the constant effects of land surface vegetation
properties to be removed to isolate the snow signature. The
resulting 12-year snow signal combined with skin temperature
data can detect the existence of snow cover over the Northern
Hemisphere on daily basis. The results of this method compared
with the operational NOAA weekly snow cover maps agree at 90%
of locations and times. Most of the disagreements could be
explained by rapid evolution of snow emissivities associated
with freeze--melt--refreeze cycles and precipitation (snowfall),
and some of them by the space--time resolution differences of
the microwave and operational snow cover determinations. These
results compared with the NISE, NOAA IMS, CMC, and MODIS, and
snow products agree within 78% to 92%.},
keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The objective of this paper is to better isolate the snow
signature in microwave signals to be able to explore the ability
of satellite microwave measurements to determine snowpack
properties. The surface microwave effective emissivities used in
this study are derived from SSM/I passive microwave observations
by removing the contributions of the cloud and atmosphere and
then separating out the surface temperature variations using
ancillary atmospheric, cloud and surface data. The sensitivity
of the effective emissivity to the presence/absence of snow is
evaluated for the Northern Hemisphere. The effect of the
presence of snow, the variation of land types, and temperature
on the emissivities have been examined by observing the temporal
and spatial variability of these measurements between 19 and 85
GHz over the Northern Hemisphere. The time-anomaly of
differences between effective emissivity at 19 V and 85 V
enabled the constant effects of land surface vegetation
properties to be removed to isolate the snow signature. The
resulting 12-year snow signal combined with skin temperature
data can detect the existence of snow cover over the Northern
Hemisphere on daily basis. The results of this method compared
with the operational NOAA weekly snow cover maps agree at 90%
of locations and times. Most of the disagreements could be
explained by rapid evolution of snow emissivities associated
with freeze--melt--refreeze cycles and precipitation (snowfall),
and some of them by the space--time resolution differences of
the microwave and operational snow cover determinations. These
results compared with the NISE, NOAA IMS, CMC, and MODIS, and
snow products agree within 78% to 92%.
signature in microwave signals to be able to explore the ability
of satellite microwave measurements to determine snowpack
properties. The surface microwave effective emissivities used in
this study are derived from SSM/I passive microwave observations
by removing the contributions of the cloud and atmosphere and
then separating out the surface temperature variations using
ancillary atmospheric, cloud and surface data. The sensitivity
of the effective emissivity to the presence/absence of snow is
evaluated for the Northern Hemisphere. The effect of the
presence of snow, the variation of land types, and temperature
on the emissivities have been examined by observing the temporal
and spatial variability of these measurements between 19 and 85
GHz over the Northern Hemisphere. The time-anomaly of
differences between effective emissivity at 19 V and 85 V
enabled the constant effects of land surface vegetation
properties to be removed to isolate the snow signature. The
resulting 12-year snow signal combined with skin temperature
data can detect the existence of snow cover over the Northern
Hemisphere on daily basis. The results of this method compared
with the operational NOAA weekly snow cover maps agree at 90%
of locations and times. Most of the disagreements could be
explained by rapid evolution of snow emissivities associated
with freeze--melt--refreeze cycles and precipitation (snowfall),
and some of them by the space--time resolution differences of
the microwave and operational snow cover determinations. These
results compared with the NISE, NOAA IMS, CMC, and MODIS, and
snow products agree within 78% to 92%.
2013
Lakhankar, T Y; noz, J Mu; Romanov, P; Powell, A M; Krakauer, N Y; Rossow, W B; Khanbilvardi, R M
CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data Journal Article
In: Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 783–793, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR
@article{Lakhankar2013-zx,
title = {CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data},
author = {T Y Lakhankar and J Mu noz and P Romanov and A M Powell and N Y Krakauer and W B Rossow and R M Khanbilvardi},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/hess-17-783-2013.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.5194/hess-17-783-2013},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-02-01},
urldate = {2013-02-01},
journal = {Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {783--793},
publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
abstract = {\"{A}bstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment
(CREST-SAFE) was carried out during January--March 2011 at the
research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou,
ME, USA. In this experiment dual-polarized microwave (37 and 89
GHz) observations were accompanied by detailed synchronous
observations of meteorology and snowpack physical properties.
The objective of this long-term field experiment was to improve
understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics
(grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological
conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to
improve retrievals of snow cover properties from satellite
observations. In this paper we present an overview of the field
experiment and comparative preliminary analysis of the
continuous microwave and snowpack observations and simulations.
The observations revealed a large difference between the
brightness temperature of fresh and aged snowpack even when the
snow depth was the same. This is indicative of a substantial
impact of evolution of snowpack properties such as snow grain
size, density and wetness on microwave observations. In the
early spring we frequently observed a large diurnal variation in
the 37 and 89 GHz brightness temperature with small
depolarization corresponding to daytime snowmelt and nighttime
refreeze events. SNTHERM (SNow THERmal Model) and the HUT
(Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model were
used to simulate snowpack properties and microwave brightness
temperatures, respectively. Simulated snow depth and snowpack
temperature using SNTHERM were compared to in situ observations.
Similarly, simulated microwave brightness temperatures using the
HUT model were compared with the observed brightness
temperatures under different snow conditions to identify
different states of the snowpack that developed during the
winter season."},
keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Äbstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment
(CREST-SAFE) was carried out during January--March 2011 at the
research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou,
ME, USA. In this experiment dual-polarized microwave (37 and 89
GHz) observations were accompanied by detailed synchronous
observations of meteorology and snowpack physical properties.
The objective of this long-term field experiment was to improve
understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics
(grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological
conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to
improve retrievals of snow cover properties from satellite
observations. In this paper we present an overview of the field
experiment and comparative preliminary analysis of the
continuous microwave and snowpack observations and simulations.
The observations revealed a large difference between the
brightness temperature of fresh and aged snowpack even when the
snow depth was the same. This is indicative of a substantial
impact of evolution of snowpack properties such as snow grain
size, density and wetness on microwave observations. In the
early spring we frequently observed a large diurnal variation in
the 37 and 89 GHz brightness temperature with small
depolarization corresponding to daytime snowmelt and nighttime
refreeze events. SNTHERM (SNow THERmal Model) and the HUT
(Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model were
used to simulate snowpack properties and microwave brightness
temperatures, respectively. Simulated snow depth and snowpack
temperature using SNTHERM were compared to in situ observations.
Similarly, simulated microwave brightness temperatures using the
HUT model were compared with the observed brightness
temperatures under different snow conditions to identify
different states of the snowpack that developed during the
winter season."
(CREST-SAFE) was carried out during January--March 2011 at the
research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou,
ME, USA. In this experiment dual-polarized microwave (37 and 89
GHz) observations were accompanied by detailed synchronous
observations of meteorology and snowpack physical properties.
The objective of this long-term field experiment was to improve
understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics
(grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological
conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to
improve retrievals of snow cover properties from satellite
observations. In this paper we present an overview of the field
experiment and comparative preliminary analysis of the
continuous microwave and snowpack observations and simulations.
The observations revealed a large difference between the
brightness temperature of fresh and aged snowpack even when the
snow depth was the same. This is indicative of a substantial
impact of evolution of snowpack properties such as snow grain
size, density and wetness on microwave observations. In the
early spring we frequently observed a large diurnal variation in
the 37 and 89 GHz brightness temperature with small
depolarization corresponding to daytime snowmelt and nighttime
refreeze events. SNTHERM (SNow THERmal Model) and the HUT
(Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model were
used to simulate snowpack properties and microwave brightness
temperatures, respectively. Simulated snow depth and snowpack
temperature using SNTHERM were compared to in situ observations.
Similarly, simulated microwave brightness temperatures using the
HUT model were compared with the observed brightness
temperatures under different snow conditions to identify
different states of the snowpack that developed during the
winter season."
2012
Norouzi, Hamidreza; Rossow, William; Temimi, Marouane; Prigent, Catherine; Azarderakhsh, Marzieh; Boukabara, Sid; Khanbilvardi, Reza
Using microwave brightness temperature diurnal cycle to improve emissivity retrievals over land Journal Article
In: Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 123, pp. 470–482, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{Norouzi2012-da,
title = {Using microwave brightness temperature diurnal cycle to improve emissivity retrievals over land},
author = {Hamidreza Norouzi and William Rossow and Marouane Temimi and Catherine Prigent and Marzieh Azarderakhsh and Sid Boukabara and Reza Khanbilvardi},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2012_Norouzi_a40151a358285b3a1f422cec6b8e48aa.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2012.04.015},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-08-01},
urldate = {2012-08-01},
journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},
volume = {123},
pages = {470--482},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
abstract = {To retrieve microwave land emissivity, infrared surface skin
temperatures have been used as surface physical temperature
since there is no global information on physical vegetation/soil
temperature profiles. However, passive microwave emissions
originate from deeper layers with respect to the skin
temperature. So, this inconsistency in sensitivity depths
between skin temperatures and microwave temperatures may
introduce a discrepancy in the determined emissivity. Previous
studies showed that this inconsistency can lead to significant
differences between day and night retrievals of land emissivity
which can exceed 10%. This study proposes an approach to
address this inconsistency and improve the retrieval of land
emissivity using microwave observations from Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer--Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The
diurnal cycle of the microwave brightness temperature (Tb) was
constructed over the globe for different
frequencies/polarizations using a constellation of satellites.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the
spatial variation of the Tb diurnal cycle. The diurnal
amplitudes of microwave temperatures observed in desert areas
were not consistent with the larger amplitudes of the diurnal
cycle of skin temperature. Densely vegetated areas with more
moisture have shown smaller amplitudes. A lookup table of
effective temperature (Teff) anomalies is constructed based on
the Tb diurnal cycle to resolve the inconsistencies between
infrared and Tb diurnal variation. This lookup table of Teff
anomalies is a weighted average over the layers contributing to
the microwave signal, for each channel and month. The
integration of this Teff in the retrieval of land emissivity
reduced the differences between day and night retrieved
emissivities to less than 0.01 for AMSR-E observations.},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
To retrieve microwave land emissivity, infrared surface skin
temperatures have been used as surface physical temperature
since there is no global information on physical vegetation/soil
temperature profiles. However, passive microwave emissions
originate from deeper layers with respect to the skin
temperature. So, this inconsistency in sensitivity depths
between skin temperatures and microwave temperatures may
introduce a discrepancy in the determined emissivity. Previous
studies showed that this inconsistency can lead to significant
differences between day and night retrievals of land emissivity
which can exceed 10%. This study proposes an approach to
address this inconsistency and improve the retrieval of land
emissivity using microwave observations from Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer--Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The
diurnal cycle of the microwave brightness temperature (Tb) was
constructed over the globe for different
frequencies/polarizations using a constellation of satellites.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the
spatial variation of the Tb diurnal cycle. The diurnal
amplitudes of microwave temperatures observed in desert areas
were not consistent with the larger amplitudes of the diurnal
cycle of skin temperature. Densely vegetated areas with more
moisture have shown smaller amplitudes. A lookup table of
effective temperature (Teff) anomalies is constructed based on
the Tb diurnal cycle to resolve the inconsistencies between
infrared and Tb diurnal variation. This lookup table of Teff
anomalies is a weighted average over the layers contributing to
the microwave signal, for each channel and month. The
integration of this Teff in the retrieval of land emissivity
reduced the differences between day and night retrieved
emissivities to less than 0.01 for AMSR-E observations.
temperatures have been used as surface physical temperature
since there is no global information on physical vegetation/soil
temperature profiles. However, passive microwave emissions
originate from deeper layers with respect to the skin
temperature. So, this inconsistency in sensitivity depths
between skin temperatures and microwave temperatures may
introduce a discrepancy in the determined emissivity. Previous
studies showed that this inconsistency can lead to significant
differences between day and night retrievals of land emissivity
which can exceed 10%. This study proposes an approach to
address this inconsistency and improve the retrieval of land
emissivity using microwave observations from Advanced Microwave
Scanning Radiometer--Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The
diurnal cycle of the microwave brightness temperature (Tb) was
constructed over the globe for different
frequencies/polarizations using a constellation of satellites.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the
spatial variation of the Tb diurnal cycle. The diurnal
amplitudes of microwave temperatures observed in desert areas
were not consistent with the larger amplitudes of the diurnal
cycle of skin temperature. Densely vegetated areas with more
moisture have shown smaller amplitudes. A lookup table of
effective temperature (Teff) anomalies is constructed based on
the Tb diurnal cycle to resolve the inconsistencies between
infrared and Tb diurnal variation. This lookup table of Teff
anomalies is a weighted average over the layers contributing to
the microwave signal, for each channel and month. The
integration of this Teff in the retrieval of land emissivity
reduced the differences between day and night retrieved
emissivities to less than 0.01 for AMSR-E observations.
Jiménez, Carlos; Prigent, Catherine; Catherinot, Julie; Rossow, William; Liang, Pan; Moncet, Jean-Luc
A comparison of ISCCP land surface temperature with other satellite and in situ observations Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 117, no. D8, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: ISCCP, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{Jimenez2012-bo,
title = {A comparison of ISCCP land surface temperature with other satellite and in situ observations},
author = {Carlos Jim\'{e}nez and Catherine Prigent and Julie Catherinot and William Rossow and Pan Liang and Jean-Luc Moncet},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/A_comparison_of_ISCCP_land_surface_temperature_wit-1.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2011jd017058},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-04-01},
urldate = {2012-04-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {117},
number = {D8},
publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},
abstract = {[1] Land surface skin temperature (LST) estimates from the
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) are
compared with estimates from the satellite instruments AIRS and
MODIS, and in situ observations from CEOP. ISCCP has generally
slightly warmer nighttime LSTs compared with AIRS and MODIS
(global) and CEOP (at specific sites). Differences are smaller
than 2K, similar to other reported biases between satellite
estimates. Larger differences are found in the day-time LSTs,
especially for those regions where large LST values occur.
Inspection of the AIRS and ISCCP brightness temperatures at the
top of the atmosphere (TOA-BT) reveals that where the LSTs
differ so too do the TOA-BT values. Area-averaged day-time
TOA-BT values can differ as much as 5K in very dry regions. This
could be related to differences in sensor calibration, but also
to the large LST gradients at the AIRS mid-day overpass that
likely amplify the impact of sensor mismatches. Part of the
studied LST differences are also explained by discrepancies in
the AIRS and ISCCP characterization of the surface (emissivity)
and the atmosphere (water vapor). ISCCP calibration procedures
are currently being revised to account better for sensor
spectral response differences, and alternative atmospheric and
surface data sets are being tested as part of a complete ISCCP
reprocessing. This is expected to result in an improved ISCCP
LST record.},
keywords = {ISCCP, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
[1] Land surface skin temperature (LST) estimates from the
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) are
compared with estimates from the satellite instruments AIRS and
MODIS, and in situ observations from CEOP. ISCCP has generally
slightly warmer nighttime LSTs compared with AIRS and MODIS
(global) and CEOP (at specific sites). Differences are smaller
than 2K, similar to other reported biases between satellite
estimates. Larger differences are found in the day-time LSTs,
especially for those regions where large LST values occur.
Inspection of the AIRS and ISCCP brightness temperatures at the
top of the atmosphere (TOA-BT) reveals that where the LSTs
differ so too do the TOA-BT values. Area-averaged day-time
TOA-BT values can differ as much as 5K in very dry regions. This
could be related to differences in sensor calibration, but also
to the large LST gradients at the AIRS mid-day overpass that
likely amplify the impact of sensor mismatches. Part of the
studied LST differences are also explained by discrepancies in
the AIRS and ISCCP characterization of the surface (emissivity)
and the atmosphere (water vapor). ISCCP calibration procedures
are currently being revised to account better for sensor
spectral response differences, and alternative atmospheric and
surface data sets are being tested as part of a complete ISCCP
reprocessing. This is expected to result in an improved ISCCP
LST record.
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) are
compared with estimates from the satellite instruments AIRS and
MODIS, and in situ observations from CEOP. ISCCP has generally
slightly warmer nighttime LSTs compared with AIRS and MODIS
(global) and CEOP (at specific sites). Differences are smaller
than 2K, similar to other reported biases between satellite
estimates. Larger differences are found in the day-time LSTs,
especially for those regions where large LST values occur.
Inspection of the AIRS and ISCCP brightness temperatures at the
top of the atmosphere (TOA-BT) reveals that where the LSTs
differ so too do the TOA-BT values. Area-averaged day-time
TOA-BT values can differ as much as 5K in very dry regions. This
could be related to differences in sensor calibration, but also
to the large LST gradients at the AIRS mid-day overpass that
likely amplify the impact of sensor mismatches. Part of the
studied LST differences are also explained by discrepancies in
the AIRS and ISCCP characterization of the surface (emissivity)
and the atmosphere (water vapor). ISCCP calibration procedures
are currently being revised to account better for sensor
spectral response differences, and alternative atmospheric and
surface data sets are being tested as part of a complete ISCCP
reprocessing. This is expected to result in an improved ISCCP
LST record.
Prigent, C.; Papa, F.; Aires, F.; Jiménez, C.; Rossow, W. B.; Matthews, E.
Changes in land surface water dynamics since the 1990s and relation to population pressure Journal Article
In: Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 39, pp. L08403, 2012.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr04400m,
title = {Changes in land surface water dynamics since the 1990s and relation to population pressure},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Papa and F. Aires and C. Jim\'{e}nez and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2012_Prigent_pr04400m.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2012GL051276},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
urldate = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},
volume = {39},
pages = {L08403},
keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2011
Norouzi, H; Temimi, M; Rossow, W B; Pearl, C; Azarderakhsh, M; Khanbilvardi, R
The sensitivity of land emissivity estimates from AMSR-E at C and X bands to surface properties Journal Article
In: Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 3577–3589, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{Norouzi2011-bj,
title = {The sensitivity of land emissivity estimates from AMSR-E at C and X bands to surface properties},
author = {H Norouzi and M Temimi and W B Rossow and C Pearl and M Azarderakhsh and R Khanbilvardi},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/hess-15-3577-2011.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.5194/hess-15-3577-2011},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-11-01},
urldate = {2011-11-01},
journal = {Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {3577--3589},
publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
abstract = {\"{A}bstract. Microwave observations at low frequencies exhibit more
sensitivity to surface and subsurface properties with little
interference from the atmosphere. The objective of this study is
to develop a global land emissivity product using passive
microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning
Radiometer -- Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and to investigate
its sensitivity to land surface properties. The developed
product complements existing land emissivity products from SSM/I
and AMSU by adding land emissivity estimates at two lower
frequencies, 6.9 and 10.65 GHz (C- and X-band, respectively).
Observations at these low frequencies penetrate deeper into the
soil layer. Ancillary data used in the analysis, such as surface
skin temperature and cloud mask, are obtained from International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Atmospheric
properties are obtained from the TIROS Operational Vertical
Sounder (TOVS) observations to determine the small upwelling and
downwelling atmospheric emissions as well as the atmospheric
transmission. A sensitivity test confirms the small effect of
the atmosphere but shows that skin temperature accuracy can
significantly affect emissivity estimates. Retrieved
emissivities at C- and X-bands and their polarization
differences exhibit similar patterns of variation with changes
in land cover type, soil moisture, and vegetation density as
seen at SSM/I-like frequencies (Ka and Ku bands). The emissivity
maps from AMSR-E at these higher frequencies agree reasonably
well with the existing SSM/I-based product. The inherent
discrepancy introduced by the difference between SSM/I and
AMSR-E frequencies, incidence angles, and calibration has been
assessed. Significantly greater standard deviation of estimated
emissivities compared to SSM/I land emissivity product was found
over desert regions. Large differences between emissivity
estimates from ascending and descending overpasses were found at
lower frequencies due to the inconsistency between thermal IR
skin temperatures and passive microwave brightness temperatures
which can originate from below the surface. The mismatch between
day and night AMSR-E emissivities is greater than ascending and
descending differences of SSM/I emissivity. This is because of
unique orbit time of AMSR-E (01:30 a.m./p.m. LT) while other
microwave sensors have orbit time of 06:00 to 09:00 (a.m./p.m.).
This highlights the importance of considering the penetration
depth of the microwave signal and diurnal variability of the
temperature in emissivity retrieval. The effect of these factors
is greater for AMSR-E observations than SSM/I observations, as
AMSR-E observations exhibit a greater difference between day and
night measures. This issue must be addressed in future studies
to improve the accuracy of the emissivity estimates especially
at AMSR-E lower frequencies."},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Äbstract. Microwave observations at low frequencies exhibit more
sensitivity to surface and subsurface properties with little
interference from the atmosphere. The objective of this study is
to develop a global land emissivity product using passive
microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning
Radiometer -- Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and to investigate
its sensitivity to land surface properties. The developed
product complements existing land emissivity products from SSM/I
and AMSU by adding land emissivity estimates at two lower
frequencies, 6.9 and 10.65 GHz (C- and X-band, respectively).
Observations at these low frequencies penetrate deeper into the
soil layer. Ancillary data used in the analysis, such as surface
skin temperature and cloud mask, are obtained from International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Atmospheric
properties are obtained from the TIROS Operational Vertical
Sounder (TOVS) observations to determine the small upwelling and
downwelling atmospheric emissions as well as the atmospheric
transmission. A sensitivity test confirms the small effect of
the atmosphere but shows that skin temperature accuracy can
significantly affect emissivity estimates. Retrieved
emissivities at C- and X-bands and their polarization
differences exhibit similar patterns of variation with changes
in land cover type, soil moisture, and vegetation density as
seen at SSM/I-like frequencies (Ka and Ku bands). The emissivity
maps from AMSR-E at these higher frequencies agree reasonably
well with the existing SSM/I-based product. The inherent
discrepancy introduced by the difference between SSM/I and
AMSR-E frequencies, incidence angles, and calibration has been
assessed. Significantly greater standard deviation of estimated
emissivities compared to SSM/I land emissivity product was found
over desert regions. Large differences between emissivity
estimates from ascending and descending overpasses were found at
lower frequencies due to the inconsistency between thermal IR
skin temperatures and passive microwave brightness temperatures
which can originate from below the surface. The mismatch between
day and night AMSR-E emissivities is greater than ascending and
descending differences of SSM/I emissivity. This is because of
unique orbit time of AMSR-E (01:30 a.m./p.m. LT) while other
microwave sensors have orbit time of 06:00 to 09:00 (a.m./p.m.).
This highlights the importance of considering the penetration
depth of the microwave signal and diurnal variability of the
temperature in emissivity retrieval. The effect of these factors
is greater for AMSR-E observations than SSM/I observations, as
AMSR-E observations exhibit a greater difference between day and
night measures. This issue must be addressed in future studies
to improve the accuracy of the emissivity estimates especially
at AMSR-E lower frequencies."
sensitivity to surface and subsurface properties with little
interference from the atmosphere. The objective of this study is
to develop a global land emissivity product using passive
microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning
Radiometer -- Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and to investigate
its sensitivity to land surface properties. The developed
product complements existing land emissivity products from SSM/I
and AMSU by adding land emissivity estimates at two lower
frequencies, 6.9 and 10.65 GHz (C- and X-band, respectively).
Observations at these low frequencies penetrate deeper into the
soil layer. Ancillary data used in the analysis, such as surface
skin temperature and cloud mask, are obtained from International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Atmospheric
properties are obtained from the TIROS Operational Vertical
Sounder (TOVS) observations to determine the small upwelling and
downwelling atmospheric emissions as well as the atmospheric
transmission. A sensitivity test confirms the small effect of
the atmosphere but shows that skin temperature accuracy can
significantly affect emissivity estimates. Retrieved
emissivities at C- and X-bands and their polarization
differences exhibit similar patterns of variation with changes
in land cover type, soil moisture, and vegetation density as
seen at SSM/I-like frequencies (Ka and Ku bands). The emissivity
maps from AMSR-E at these higher frequencies agree reasonably
well with the existing SSM/I-based product. The inherent
discrepancy introduced by the difference between SSM/I and
AMSR-E frequencies, incidence angles, and calibration has been
assessed. Significantly greater standard deviation of estimated
emissivities compared to SSM/I land emissivity product was found
over desert regions. Large differences between emissivity
estimates from ascending and descending overpasses were found at
lower frequencies due to the inconsistency between thermal IR
skin temperatures and passive microwave brightness temperatures
which can originate from below the surface. The mismatch between
day and night AMSR-E emissivities is greater than ascending and
descending differences of SSM/I emissivity. This is because of
unique orbit time of AMSR-E (01:30 a.m./p.m. LT) while other
microwave sensors have orbit time of 06:00 to 09:00 (a.m./p.m.).
This highlights the importance of considering the penetration
depth of the microwave signal and diurnal variability of the
temperature in emissivity retrieval. The effect of these factors
is greater for AMSR-E observations than SSM/I observations, as
AMSR-E observations exhibit a greater difference between day and
night measures. This issue must be addressed in future studies
to improve the accuracy of the emissivity estimates especially
at AMSR-E lower frequencies."
Catherinot, J.; Prigent, C.; Maurer, R.; Papa, F.; Jiménez, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.
Evaluation of of “all weather” microwave-derived land surface temperatures with in situ CEOP measurements. Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 116, pp. D23105, 2011.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ca01420a,
title = {Evaluation of of “all weather” microwave-derived land surface temperatures with in situ CEOP measurements. },
author = {J. Catherinot and C. Prigent and R. Maurer and F. Papa and C. Jim\'{e}nez and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2011_Catherinot_ca01420a.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2011JD016439},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
urldate = {2011-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {116},
pages = {D23105},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Stramler, K.; Genio, A. D. Del; Rossow, W. B.
Synoptically driven Arctic winter states Journal Article
In: J. Climate, vol. 24, pp. 1747–1762, 2011.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: CLOUD PROPERTIES, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{st03020y,
title = {Synoptically driven Arctic winter states},
author = {K. Stramler and A. D. Del Genio and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2011_Stramler_st03020y.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/2010JCLI3817.1},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
urldate = {2011-01-01},
journal = {J. Climate},
volume = {24},
pages = {1747--1762},
keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Jiménez, C; Prigent, C; Mueller, B; Seneviratne, S I; McCabe, M F; Wood, E F; Rossow, W B; Balsamo, G; Betts, A K; Dirmeyer, P A; Fisher, J B; Jung, M; Kanamitsu, M; Reichle, R H; Reichstein, M; Rodell, M; Sheffield, J; Tu, K; Wang, K
Global intercomparison of 12 land surface heat flux estimates Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 116, no. D2, 2011.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{Jimenez2011-dq,
title = {Global intercomparison of 12 land surface heat flux estimates},
author = {C Jim\'{e}nez and C Prigent and B Mueller and S I Seneviratne and M F McCabe and E F Wood and W B Rossow and G Balsamo and A K Betts and P A Dirmeyer and J B Fisher and M Jung and M Kanamitsu and R H Reichle and M Reichstein and M Rodell and J Sheffield and K Tu and K Wang},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2010JD014545.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2010jd014545},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
urldate = {2011-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {116},
number = {D2},
publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2006
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.
Land surface microwave emissivities over the globe for a decade Journal Article
In: Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 87, pp. 1573–1584, 2006.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr03300x,
title = {Land surface microwave emissivities over the globe for a decade},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2006_Prigent_pr03300x.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/BAMS-87-11-1573},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
urldate = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.},
volume = {87},
pages = {1573--1584},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2005
Aires, F.; Prigent, C.; Rossow, W. B.
Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale: 2. Global statistical relationships Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, pp. D11103, 2005.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ai05100g,
title = {Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale: 2. Global statistical relationships},
author = {F. Aires and C. Prigent and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/2005_aires_ai05100g/, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD005094},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
urldate = {2005-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {110},
pages = {D11103},
keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.; Robock, A.
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, pp. D07110, 2005.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: CLOUD PROPERTIES, LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr00300h,
title = {Sensitivity of satellite microwave and infrared observations to soil moisture at a global scale: Relationship of satellite observations to in situ soil moisture measurements},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow and A. Robock},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2005_Prigent_pr00300h.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2004JD005087},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
urldate = {2005-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {110},
pages = {D07110},
keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES, LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2004
Curry, J. A.; Bentamy, A.; Bourassa, M. A.; Bourras, D.; Bradley, E. F.; Brunke, M.; Castro, S.; Chou, S. H.; Clayson, C. A.; Emery, W. J.; Eymard, L.; Cairall, C. W.; Kubota, M.; Lin, B.; Perrie, W.; Reeder, R. A.; Renfrew, I. A.; Rossow, W. B.; Schulz, J.; Smith, S. R.; Webster, P. J.; Wick, G. A.; Zeng, X.
SEAFLUX Journal Article
In: Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 85, pp. 409–424, 2004.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{cu06000k,
title = {SEAFLUX},
author = {J. A. Curry and A. Bentamy and M. A. Bourassa and D. Bourras and E. F. Bradley and M. Brunke and S. Castro and S. H. Chou and C. A. Clayson and W. J. Emery and L. Eymard and C. W. Cairall and M. Kubota and B. Lin and W. Perrie and R. A. Reeder and I. A. Renfrew and W. B. Rossow and J. Schulz and S. R. Smith and P. J. Webster and G. A. Wick and X. Zeng},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2004_Curry_cu06000k.pdf},
doi = {10.1175/BAMS-85-3-409},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.},
volume = {85},
pages = {409--424},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2003
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 108, no. D10, pp. 4310, 2003.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr04200b,
title = {Land surface skin temperatures from a combined analysis of microwave and infrared satellite observations for an all-weather evaluation of the differences between air and skin temperatures},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2003_Prigent_pr04200b.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2002JD002301},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {108},
number = {D10},
pages = {4310},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.
Retrieval of surface and atmospheric geophysical variables over snow-covered land from combined microwave and infrared satellite observations Journal Article
In: J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 42, pp. 368–380, 2003.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr00100w,
title = {Retrieval of surface and atmospheric geophysical variables over snow-covered land from combined microwave and infrared satellite observations},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2003_Prigent_pr00100w.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042%3C0368%3AROSAAG%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
urldate = {2003-01-01},
journal = {J. Appl. Meteorol.},
volume = {42},
pages = {368--380},
keywords = {ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2002
Aires, F.; Ché9din, A.; Scott, N.; Rossow, W. B.
A regularized neural network approach for retrieval of atmospheric and surface temperatures with the IASI instrument Journal Article
In: J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 41, pp. 144–159, 2002.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ANALYSIS, ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, MODELS, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ai06000k,
title = {A regularized neural network approach for retrieval of atmospheric and surface temperatures with the IASI instrument},
author = {F. Aires and A. Ch\'{e}9din and N. Scott and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2002_Aires_ai06000k.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041%3C0144%3AARNNAF%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
urldate = {2002-01-01},
journal = {J. Appl. Meteorol.},
volume = {41},
pages = {144--159},
keywords = {ANALYSIS, ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, MODELS, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2001
Prigent, C.; Aires, F.; Rossow, W. B.; Matthews, E.
Joint characterization of the vegetation by satellite observations from visible to microwavelengths: A sensitivity analysis Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 106, pp. 20665–20685, 2001.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr07000g,
title = {Joint characterization of the vegetation by satellite observations from visible to microwavelengths: A sensitivity analysis},
author = {C. Prigent and F. Aires and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Journal-of-Geophysical-Research-Atmospheres-2001-Prigent-Joint-characterization-of-vegetation-by-satellite.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/2000JD900801},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
urldate = {2001-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {106},
pages = {20665--20685},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2000
Prigent, C.; Wigneron, J. -P.; Rossow, W. B.; Pardo-Carrion, J. R.
Frequency and angular variations of land surface microwave emissivities: Can we estimate SSM/T and AMSU emissivities from SSM/I emissivities? Journal Article
In: IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 38, pp. 2373–2386, 2000.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr06000k,
title = {Frequency and angular variations of land surface microwave emissivities: Can we estimate SSM/T and AMSU emissivities from SSM/I emissivities?},
author = {C. Prigent and J. -P. Wigneron and W. B. Rossow and J. R. Pardo-Carrion},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/prigent2000.pdf,Download file},
doi = {10.1109/36.868893},
year = {2000},
date = {2000-01-01},
urldate = {2000-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.},
volume = {38},
pages = {2373--2386},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1999
Prigent, C.; Rossow, W. R.
Retrieval of surface and atnospheric parameters over land from SSM/I: Potential and limitations Journal Article
In: Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 125, pp. 2379–2400, 1999.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr05000n,
title = {Retrieval of surface and atnospheric parameters over land from SSM/I: Potential and limitations},
author = {C. Prigent and W. R. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/1999_Prigent_Rossow.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1002/qj.49712555903},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
urldate = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.},
volume = {125},
pages = {2379--2400},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Curry, J. A.; Clayson, C. A.; Rossow, W. B.; Reeder, R.; Zhang, Y. -C.; Webster, P. J.; Liu, G.; Sheu, R. -S.
High-resolution satellite-derived dataset of the surface fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum for the TOGA COARE IOP Journal Article
In: Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 80, pp. 2059–2080, 1999.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{cu01000b,
title = {High-resolution satellite-derived dataset of the surface fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum for the TOGA COARE IOP},
author = {J. A. Curry and C. A. Clayson and W. B. Rossow and R. Reeder and Y. -C. Zhang and P. J. Webster and G. Liu and R. -S. Sheu},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/1999_Curry_cu01000b.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080%3C2059%3AHRSDDO%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
urldate = {1999-01-01},
journal = {Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc.},
volume = {80},
pages = {2059--2080},
keywords = {ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Prigent, C.; Rossow, W. B.; Matthews, E.; Marticorena, B.
Microwave radiometric signatures of different surface types in deserts Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 104, pp. 12147–12158, 1999.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr04000r,
title = {Microwave radiometric signatures of different surface types in deserts},
author = {C. Prigent and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews and B. Marticorena},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Journal-of-Geophysical-Research-Atmospheres-1999-Prigent-Microwave-radiometric-signatures-of-different-surface-types.pdf,Download file},
doi = {10.1029/1999JD900153},
year = {1999},
date = {1999-01-01},
urldate = {1999-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {104},
pages = {12147--12158},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1998
Prigent, C.; Rossow, W. B.; Matthews, E.
Global maps of microwave land surface emissivities: Potential for land surface characterization Journal Article
In: Radio Sci., vol. 33, pp. 745–751, 1998.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr03000u,
title = {Global maps of microwave land surface emissivities: Potential for land surface characterization},
author = {C. Prigent and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Radio-Science-1998-Prigent-Global-maps-of-microwave-land-surface-emissivities-Potential-for-land-surface.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/97RS02460},
year = {1998},
date = {1998-01-01},
urldate = {1998-01-01},
journal = {Radio Sci.},
volume = {33},
pages = {745--751},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1997
Prigent, C.; Rossow, W. B.; Matthews, E.
Microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations Journal Article
In: J. Geophys. Res., vol. 102, pp. 21867–21890, 1997.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{pr02000x,
title = {Microwave land surface emissivities estimated from SSM/I observations},
author = {C. Prigent and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/1997_Prigent_pr02000x.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1029/97JD01360},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
urldate = {1997-01-01},
journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},
volume = {102},
pages = {21867--21890},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1993
Rossow, W. B.; Garder, L. C.
Validation of ISCCP cloud detections Journal Article
In: J. Climate, vol. 6, pp. 2370–2393, 1993.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: ISCCP, SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ro03500i,
title = {Validation of ISCCP cloud detections},
author = {W. B. Rossow and L. C. Garder},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/1993_Rossow_ro03500i-1.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006%3C2370%3AVOICD%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {1993},
date = {1993-01-01},
urldate = {1993-01-01},
journal = {J. Climate},
volume = {6},
pages = {2370--2393},
keywords = {ISCCP, SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1989
Rossow, W. B.; Brest, C. L.; Garder, L. C.
Global, seasonal variations from satellite radiance measurements Journal Article
In: J. Climate, vol. 2, pp. 214–247, 1989.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ro03000u,
title = {Global, seasonal variations from satellite radiance measurements},
author = {W. B. Rossow and C. L. Brest and L. C. Garder},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/1989_Rossow_ro03000u.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002%3C0214%3AGSSVFS%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
urldate = {1989-01-01},
journal = {J. Climate},
volume = {2},
pages = {214--247},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
1987
Matthews, E.; Rossow, W. B.
Regional and seasonal variations of surface reflectance from satellite observations at 0.6 'b5m Journal Article
In: J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 26, pp. 170–202, 1987.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: SURFACE PROPERTIES
@article{ma01200l,
title = {Regional and seasonal variations of surface reflectance from satellite observations at 0.6 'b5m},
author = {E. Matthews and W. B. Rossow},
url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/1987_Matthews_ma01200l.pdf, Download file},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026%3C0170%3ARASVOS%3E2.0.CO;2},
year = {1987},
date = {1987-01-01},
urldate = {1987-01-01},
journal = {J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol.},
volume = {26},
pages = {170--202},
keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
