@article{nokey,

title = {Lessons Learned from the Updated GEWEX Cloud Assessment Database },

author = {Stubenrauch, Claudia J. and Kinne, Stefan and Mandorli, Giulio and Rossow, William B. and Winker, David M. and Ackerman, Steven A. and Chepfer, Helene and Di Girolamo, Larry and Garnier, Anne and Heidinger, Andrew and Karlsson, Karl-G\"{o}ran and Meyer, Kerry and Minnis, Patrick and Platnick, Steven and Stengel, Martin and Sun-Mack, Szedung and Veglio, Paolo and Walther, Andi and Cai, Xia and Young, Alisa H. and Zhao, Guangyu},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2024_Stubenrauch_et_al-2024-Surveys_in_Geophysics.pdf},

doi = {10.1007/s10712-024-09824-0},

isbn = {1573-0956},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-02-09},

journal = {Surveys in Geophysics},

abstract = {Since the first Global Energy and Water Exchanges cloud assessment a decade ago, existing cloud property retrievals have been revised and new retrievals have been developed. The new global long-term cloud datasets show, in general, similar results to those of the previous assessment. A notable exception is the reduced cloud amount provided by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) Science Team, resulting from an improved aerosol\textendashcloud distinction. Height, opacity and thermodynamic phase determine the radiative effect of clouds. Their distributions as well as relative occurrences of cloud types distinguished by height and optical depth are discussed. The similar results of the two assessments indicate that further improvement, in particular on vertical cloud layering, can only be achieved by combining complementary information. We suggest such combination methods to estimate the amount of all clouds within the atmospheric column, including those hidden by clouds aloft. The results compare well with those from CloudSat-CALIPSO radar\textendashlidar geometrical profiles as well as with results from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) corrected by the cloud vertical layer model, which is used for the computation of the ISCCP-derived radiative fluxes. Furthermore, we highlight studies on cloud monitoring using the information from the histograms of the database and give guidelines for: (1) the use of satellite-retrieved cloud properties in climate studies and climate model evaluation and (2) improved retrieval strategies.},

keywords = {ANALYSIS, CLOUD PROPERTIES, GEWEX, ISCCP, RADIATION EXCHANGES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ROSSOW2024100004,

title = {Evolution of the concept of cloud-climate feedbacks},

author = {William B. Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Evolution-of-the-concept-of-cloud-cli_2024_Journal-of-the-European-Meteorolo.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemets.2024.100004},

issn = {2950-6301},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the European Meteorological Society},

volume = {1},

pages = {100004},

abstract = {The early concept of cloud-climate feedback was formulated as involving solely cloud cover effects on planetary radiation, separate from precipitation, and consistent with simple climate models. However, more than 50 years later, this concept continues to dominate analyses, especially of climate model performance, even though multiple global data products now exist that quantify weather-to-decadal scale joint variations of cloud properties, radiative fluxes, precipitation, surface energy and water fluxes, atmospheric and surface properties, and the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean. A more complete, observation-based analysis of cloud feedbacks on weather, seasonal and interannual scales is now possible. Results to date indicate that the cloud-radiative feedback amplifies the positive cloud-precipitation feedback on the atmospheric circulation from weather-to-annual time scales. Further analysis extensions are suggested.},

keywords = {PRECIPITATION, Radiation, Weather},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhang2023-hn,

title = {Global radiative flux profile data set: Revised and extended},

author = {Yuanchong Zhang and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023_Zhang_Rossow_FH-paper_2023.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2022jd037340},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-01},

urldate = {2023-03-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {128},

number = {5},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rossow2022-jz,

title = {International satellite cloud climatology project: Extending the  record},

author = {William B Rossow and Kenneth R Knapp and Alisa H Young},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022_Rossowetal.5B1520044220-20Journal20of20Climate5D20International20Satellite20Cloud20Climatology20Project3A20Extending20the20Record.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-21-0157.1},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {35},

number = {1},

pages = {141--158},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstractISCCP continues to quantify the global distribution and 

 diurnal-to-interannual variations of cloud properties in a 

 revised version. This paper summarizes assessments of the 

 previous version, describes refinements of the analysis and 

 enhanced features of the product design, discusses the few 

 notable changes in the results, and illustrates the long-term 

 variations of global mean cloud properties and differing high 

 cloud changes associated with ENSO. The new product design 

 includes a global, pixel-level product on a 0.1° grid, all other 

 gridded products at 1.0°-equivalent equal area, separate 

 satellite products with ancillary data for regional studies, 

 more detailed, embedded quality information, and all gridded 

 products in netCDF format. All the data products including all 

 input data, expanded documentation, the processing code, and an 

 operations guide are available online. Notable changes are 1) a 

 lowered ice--liquid temperature threshold, 2) a treatment of the 

 radiative effects of aerosols and surface temperature 

 inversions, 3) refined specification of the assumed cloud 

 microphysics, and 4) interpolation of the main daytime cloud 

 information overnight. The changes very slightly increase the 

 global monthly mean cloud amount with a little more high cloud 

 and a little less middle and low cloud. Over the whole period, 

 total cloud amount slowly decreases caused by decreases in 

 cumulus/altocumulus; consequently, average cloud-top temperature 

 and optical thickness have increased. The diurnal and seasonal 

 cloud variations are very similar to earlier versions. Analysis 

 of the whole record shows that high cloud variations, but not 

 low clouds, exhibit different patterns in different ENSO events."},

keywords = {ISCCP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Evaluation of Clouds, Radiation, and Precipitation in CMIP6 Models Using Global Weather States Derived from ISCCP-H Cloud Property Data},

author = {G. Tselioudis and W.B. Rossow and C. Jakob and J Remillard and D. Tropf and Y. Zhang},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2021_Tselioudisetal.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0076.1},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-01},

urldate = {2021-09-01},

journal = { Journal of Climate},

volume = {34},

number = {17},

pages = {7311-7324},

abstract = {A clustering methodology is applied to cloud optical depth (τ)\textendashcloud top pressure (TAU-PC) histograms from the new 1° resolution ISCCP-H dataset to derive an updated global weather state (WS) dataset. Then, TAU-PC histograms from current-climate CMIP6 model simulations are assigned to the ISCCP-H WSs along with their concurrent radiation and precipitation properties to evaluate model cloud, radiation, and precipitation properties in the context of the weather states. The new ISCCP-H analysis produces WSs that are very similar to those previously found in the lower-resolution ISCCP-D dataset. The main difference lies in the splitting of the ISCCP-D thin stratocumulus WS between the ISCCP-H shallow cumulus and stratocumulus WSs, which results in the reduction by one of the total WS number. The evaluation of the CMIP6 models against the ISCCP-H weather states shows that, in the ensemble mean, the models are producing an adequate representation of the frequency and geographical distribution of the WSs, with measurable improvements compared to the WSs derived for the CMIP5 ensemble. However, the frequency of shallow cumulus clouds continues to be underestimated, and, in some WSs the good agreement of the ensemble mean with observations comes from averaging models that significantly overpredict and underpredict the ISCCP-H WS frequency. In addition, significant biases exist in the internal cloud properties of the model WSs, such as the model underestimation of cloud fraction in middle-top clouds and secondarily in midlatitude storm and stratocumulus clouds, that result in an underestimation of cloud SW cooling in those regimes.},

keywords = {WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rossow2019-kr,

title = {Building an accessible, integrated Earth observing and  information system: The International Satellite Cloud  Climatology Project as a pathfinder},

author = {William B Rossow and John J Bates},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/BAMSRossowbates.pdf, Download file},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-01},

urldate = {2019-12-01},

journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.},

volume = {100},

number = {12},

pages = {2423--2431},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {The current heterogeneity of the existing global 

 collection of measuring assets, satellite and surface based, is 

 a major obstacle to creating a truly integrated, globally 

 uniform information system. Many surveys of Earth science needs 

 over the last 40+ years mention research-to-operations (R2O) 

 actions that are needed to develop such a system but focus 

 mainly on making and collecting measurements with little 

 discussion of the processing system and the integrated team of 

 talented scientists needed to turn raw observations into usable 

 information or the archival system needed to make reliable 

 information readily and widely accessible. We discuss an example 

 of addressing the problems in producing globally uniform 

 information from such observations: the creation in 1982--83 of 

 the data collection, processing, and archival system for the 

 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). ISCCP 

 was originally built in a research environment for climate 

 studies, but has now transitioned to a fully operational 

 environment to extend the length of the data record for climate 

 research. Transforming multiple satellite observations into a 

 uniform, global set of physical information about clouds that is 

 readily accessible was and is challenging for several reasons. 

 In this short commentary, we reflect on the experiences and 

 lessons learned in building the ISCCP 

 observation--processing--archival system to address these 

 challenges and discuss the ISCCP R2O process to serve as a 

 pathfinder for building a global observing and information 

 system."},

keywords = {ANALYSIS, ISCCP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mekonnen2018-ux,

title = {The interaction between deep convection and easterly wave  activity over Africa: Convective transitions and mechanisms},

author = {Ademe Mekonnen and William B Rossow},

url = {https://ams.confex.com/ams/98Annual/videogateway.cgi/id/42924?recordingid=42924\&uniqueid=Paper323311\&entry_password=null, Presentation

https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200493-Monthly-Weather-Review-The-Interaction-between-Deep-Convection-and-Easterly-Wave-Activity-over-Africa_-Convective-Transitions-and-Mechanisms.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/mwr-d-17-0217.1},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-01},

urldate = {2018-06-01},

journal = {Mon. Weather Rev.},

volume = {146},

number = {6},

pages = {1945--1961},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {Recent work using observational data from the International 

 Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and reanalysis 

 products suggests that African easterly waves (AEWs) form in 

 association with a ``transition'' process from smaller and 

 scattered convection into larger and organized mesoscale 

 convective activity. However, the transition process is unclear 

 and how mesoscale convection initiates AEWs is not well 

 understood. Analysis based on 25 years of ISCCP and reanalysis 

 datasets show that increasing intradiurnal activity, atmospheric 

 instability, and specific humidity precede the development of 

 well-organized convection over the Ethiopian highlands. 

 Atmospheric instability favors a high frequency of scattered, 

 isolated convection to the east of the Ethiopian highlands, 

 first, followed by a continuing and large increase in 

 instability and increasing humidity, which supports 

 well-organized larger-scale convection. The timing of the 

 changes of thermodynamic variables shows that the dominant 

 transition process is scattered, with weakly organized 

 convection transitioning into the well-organized mesoscale 

 convection, and this initiates the AEWs. Slightly before the 

 mesoscale convection peaks over the Ethiopian highlands, 

 low-level moist westerlies, low- to midlevel wind shear, and 

 positive relative vorticity increase over the region. Evidence 

 shows that the large-scale and local environment enables the 

 scattered and less well-organized convection to merge and form 

 larger and well-organized convection. The dynamic processes 

 suggest that the dominant pathway for AEW initiation is 

 scattered convection transitioning to large and well-organized 

 convection over the Ethiopian highlands and this initiates AEWs 

 westward of the Ethiopian highlands.},

keywords = {WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Golkar2018-hs,

title = {Refining surface net radiation estimates in arid and semi-arid  climates of Iran},

author = {Foroogh Golkar and William B Rossow and Ali Akbar Sabziparvar},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/1-s2.0-S027311771830245X-am.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2018.03.026},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-01},

urldate = {2018-06-01},

journal = {\"{A}dv. Space Res.},

volume = {61},

number = {12},

pages = {2932--2941},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {\"{A}lthough the downwelling fluxes exhibit space-time scales of 

 dependency on characteristic of atmospheric variations, 

 especially clouds, the upward fluxes and, hence the net 

 radiation, depends on the variation of surface properties, 

 particularly surface skin temperature and albedo. 

 Evapotranspiration at the land surface depends on the properties 

 of that surface and is determined primarily by the net surface 

 radiation, mostly absorbed solar radiation. Thus, relatively 

 high spatial resolution net radiation data are needed for 

 evapotranspiration studies. Moreover, in more arid environments, 

 the diurnal variations of surface (air and skin) temperature can 

 be large so relatively high (sub-daily) time resolution net 

 radiation is also needed. There are a variety of radiation and 

 surface property products available but they differ in accuracy, 

 space-time resolution and information content. This situation 

 motivated the current study to evaluate multiple sources of 

 information to obtain the best net radiation estimate with the 

 highest space-time resolution from ISCCP FD dataset. This study 

 investigates the accuracy of the ISCCP FD and AIRS surface air 

 and skin temperatures, as well as the ISCCP FD and MODIS surface 

 albedos and aerosol optical depths as the leading source of 

 uncertainty in ISCCP FD dataset. The surface air temperatures, 

 10-cm soil temperatures and surface solar insolation from a 

 number of surface sites are used to judge the best combinations 

 of data products, especially on clear days. The corresponding 

 surface skin temperatures in ISCCP FD, although they are known 

 to be biased somewhat high, disagreed more with AIRS 

 measurements because of the mismatch of spatial resolutions. The 

 effect of spatial resolution on the comparisons was confirmed 

 using the even higher resolution MODIS surface skin temperature 

 values. The agreement of ISCCP FD surface solar insolation with 

 surface measurements is good (within 2.4--9.1%), but the use of 

 MODIS aerosol optical depths as an alternative was checked and 

 found to not improve the agreement. The MODIS surface albedos 

 differed from the ISCCP FD values by no more than 0.02--0.07, 

 but because these differences are mostly at longer wavelengths, 

 they did not change the net solar radiation very much. Therefore 

 to obtain the best estimate of surface net radiation with the 

 best combination of spatial and temporal resolution, we 

 developed a method to adjust the ISCCP FD surface longwave 

 fluxes using the AIRS surface air and skin temperatures to 

 obtain the higher spatial resolution of the latter (45 km), 

 while retaining the 3-h time intervals of the former. Overall, 

 the refinements reduced the ISCCP FD longwave flux magnitudes by 

 about 25.5--42.1 W/m2 RMS (maximum difference −27.5 W/m2 for 

 incoming longwave radiation and −59 W/m2 for outgoing longwave 

 radiation) with the largest differences occurring at 9:00 and 

 12:00 UTC near local noon. Combining the ISCCP FD net shortwave 

 radiation data and the AIRS-modified net longwave radiation data 

 changed the total net radiation for summertime by 4.64 to 61.5 

 W/m2 and for wintertime by 1.06 to 41.88 W/m2 (about 

 11.1--39.2% of the daily mean)."},

keywords = {RADIATION EXCHANGES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schroder2018-ya,

title = {The GEWEX Water Vapor Assessment archive of water vapour  products from satellite observations and reanalyses},

author = {Marc Schr\"{o}der and Maarit Lockhoff and Frank Fell and John Forsythe and Tim Trent and Ralf Bennartz and Eva Borbas and Michael G Bosilovich and Elisa Castelli and Hans Hersbach and Misako Kachi and Shinya Kobayashi and E Robert Kursinski and Diego Loyola and Carl Mears and Rene Preusker and William B Rossow and Suranjana Saha},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/essd-10-1093-2018.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.5194/essd-10-1093-2018},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-01},

urldate = {2018-06-01},

journal = {Earth Syst. Sci. Data},

volume = {10},

number = {2},

pages = {1093--1117},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {The Global Energy and Water cycle Exchanges (GEWEX) Data and 

 Assessments Panel (GDAP) initiated the GEWEX Water Vapor 

 Assessment (G-VAP), which has the main objectives to quantify 

 the current state of art in water vapour products being 

 constructed for climate applications and to support the 

 selection process of suitable water vapour products by GDAP for 

 its production of globally consistent water and energy cycle 

 products. During the construction of the G-VAP data archive, 

 freely available and mature satellite and reanalysis data 

 records with a minimum temporal coverage of 10 years were 

 considered. The archive contains total column water vapour 

 (TCWV) as well as specific humidity and temperature at four 

 pressure levels (1000, 700, 500, 300 hPa) from 22 different data 

 records. All data records were remapped to a regular 

 longitude/latitude grid of 2°x2°. The archive consists of four 

 different folders: 22 TCWV data records covering the period 

 2003-2008, 11 TCWV data records covering the period 1988-2008, 

 as well as seven specific humidity and seven temperature data 

 records covering the period 1988-2009. The G-VAP data archive is 

 referenced under the following digital object identifier (doi): 

 http://dx.doi.org/10.5676/EUM SAF CM/GVAP/V001. Within G-VAP, 

 the characterisation of water vapour products is, among other 

 ways, achieved through intercomparisons of the considered data 

 records, as a whole and grouped into three classes of 

 predominant retrieval condition: clear-sky, cloudy-sky and 

 all-sky. Associated results are shown using the 22 TCWV data 

 records. The standard deviations among the 22 TCWV data records 

 have been analysed and exhibit distinct maxima over central 

 Africa and the tropical warm pool (in absolute terms) as well as 

 over the poles and mountain regions (in relative terms). The 

 variability in TCWV within each class can be large and prohibits 

 conclusions on systematic differences in TCWV between the 

 classes.},

keywords = {PRECIPITATION, WATER VAPOR},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Young2018-ah,

title = {The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project H-Series  climate data record product},

author = {Alisa H Young and Kenneth R Knapp and Anand Inamdar and William Hankins and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/essd-10-583-2018-1.pdf, Download file},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-03-01},

urldate = {2018-03-01},

journal = {Earth Syst. Sci. Data},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {583--593},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract. This paper describes the new global long-term 

 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) 

 H-series climate data record (CDR). The H-series data contain a 

 suite of level 2 and 3 products for monitoring the distribution 

 and variation of cloud and surface properties to better 

 understand the effects of clouds on climate, the radiation 

 budget, and the global hydrologic cycle. This product is 

 currently available for public use and is derived from both 

 geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite imaging radiometers 

 with common visible and infrared (IR) channels. The H-series 

 data currently span July 1983 to December 2009 with plans for 

 continued production to extend the record to the present with 

 regular updates. The H-series data are the longest combined 

 geostationary and polar orbiter satellite-based CDR of cloud 

 properties. Access to the data is provided in network common 

 data form (netCDF) and archived by NOAA's National Centers for 

 Environmental Information (NCEI) under the satellite Climate 

 Data Record Program (https://doi.org/10.7289/V5QZ281S). The 

 basic characteristics, history, and evolution of the dataset are 

 presented herein with particular emphasis on and discussion of 

 product changes between the H-series and the widely used 

 predecessor D-series product which also spans from July 1983 

 through December 2009. Key refinements included in the ISCCP 

 H-series CDR are based on improved quality control measures, 

 modified ancillary inputs, higher spatial resolution input and 

 output products, calibration refinements, and updated 

 documentation and metadata to bring the H-series product into 

 compliance with existing standards for climate data records."},

keywords = {ISCCP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Luo2017-bx,

title = {Tropical cloud and precipitation regimes as seen from  near‐simultaneous TRMM, CloudSat, and CALIPSO observations  and comparison with ISCCP},

author = {Zhengzhao Johnny Luo and Ricardo C Anderson and William B Rossow and Hanii Takahashi},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/JGR-Atmospheres-2017-Luo-Tropical-cloud-and-precipitation-regimes-as-seen-from-near‐simultaneous-TRMM-CloudSat-and.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1002/2017jd026569},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-06-01},

urldate = {2017-06-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {122},

number = {11},

pages = {5988--6003},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {\"{A}lthough Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and 

 CloudSat/CALIPSO fly in different orbits, they frequently cross 

 each other so that for the period between 2006 and 2010, a total 

 of 15,986 intersect lines occurred within 20 min of each other 

 from 30°S to 30°N, providing a rare opportunity to study 

 tropical cloud and precipitation regimes and their internal 

 vertical structure from near‐simultaneous measurements by these 

 active sensors. A k‐means cluster analysis of TRMM and CloudSat 

 matchups identifies three tropical cloud and precipitation 

 regimes: the first two regimes correspond to, respectively, 

 organized deep convection with heavy rain and cirrus anvils with 

 moderate rain; the third regime is a convectively suppressed 

 regime that can be further divided into three subregimes, which 

 correspond to, respectively, stratocumulus clouds with drizzle, 

 cirrus overlying low clouds, and nonprecipitating cumulus. 

 Inclusion of CALIPSO data adds to the dynamic range of cloud 

 properties and identifies one more cluster; subcluster analysis 

 further identifies a thin, midlevel cloud regime associated with 

 tropical mountain ranges. The radar‐lidar cloud regimes are 

 compared with the International Satellite Cloud Climatology 

 Project (ISCCP) weather states (WSs) for the extended tropics. 

 Focus is placed on the four convectively active WSs, namely, 

 WS1--WS4. ISCCP WS1 and WS2 are found to be counterparts of 

 Regime 1 and Regime 2 in radar‐lidar observations, respectively. 

 ISCCP WS3 and WS4, which are mainly isolated convection and 

 broken, detached cirrus, do not have a strong association with 

 any individual radar and lidar regimes, a likely effect of the 

 different sampling strategies between ISCCP and active sensors 

 and patchy cloudiness of these WSs."},

keywords = {PRECIPITATION, WATER VAPOR, WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Polly2016-mr,

title = {Cloud radiative effects and precipitation in extratropical  cyclones},

author = {James B Polly and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-Cloud-Radiative-Effects-and-Precipitation-in-Extratropical-Cyclones.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-15-0857.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-09-01},

urldate = {2016-09-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {29},

number = {18},

pages = {6483--6507},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract Clouds associated with extratropical cyclones 

 complicate the well-developed theory of dry baroclinic waves 

 through feedback on their dynamics by precipitation and 

 cloud-altered radiative heating. The relationships between 

 cyclone characteristics and the diabatic heating associated with 

 cloud radiative effects (CREs) and latent heat release remain 

 unclear. A cyclone tracking algorithm [NASA's Modeling, 

 Analysis, and Prediction (MAP) Climatology of Midlatitude 

 Storminess (MCMS)] is used to identify over 106 cyclones in 33 

 years of the ERA-Interim and collect the properties of each 

 disturbance. Considering storm intensity as related to wind 

 speeds, which depend on the pressure gradient, the distribution 

 of cyclone properties is investigated using groups defined by 

 their depth (local pressure anomaly) and the radius of the 

 region within closed pressure contours to investigate variations 

 with longitude (especially ocean and land), hemisphere, and 

 season. Using global data products of cloud radiative effects on 

 in-atmosphere net radiation [the ISCCP radiative flux profile 

 dataset (ISCCP-FD)] and precipitation (GPCP), composites are 

 assembled for each cyclone group and for ``nonstormy'' 

 locations. On average, the precipitation rate and the CRE are 

 approximately the same among all cyclone groups and do not 

 strongly differ from nonstormy conditions. The variance of both 

 precipitation and CRE increases with cyclone size and depth. In 

 larger, deeper storms, maximum precipitation and CRE increase, 

 but so do the amounts of nonprecipitating and clear-sky 

 conditions."},

keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES, midlatitude storms},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vant-Hull2016-gf,

title = {Global comparisons of regional life cycle properties and motion  of multiday convective systems: Tropical and midlatitude land  and ocean},

author = {Brian Vant-Hull and William Rossow and Pearl, C.},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-Global-Comparisons-of-Regional-Life-Cycle-Properties-and-Motion-of-Multiday-Convective-Systems_-Tropical-and-Midlatitude-Land-and-Ocean.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-15-0698.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-08-01},

urldate = {2016-08-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {29},

number = {16},

pages = {5837--5858},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract Tracking of convective cloud systems (cloud-top 

 temperature \<245 K) in geosynchronous satellite images at 3-h 

 intervals is used to determine life cycle statistics of 

 convective systems in four regimes: tropical land and ocean and 

 midlatitude land and ocean, including seasonal comparisons. The 

 ISCCP tracking dataset covers the period 1984--2006. Only 

 systems with lifetimes greater than or equal to 1 day that were 

 moving predominantly eastward or westward are considered, with 

 splits and merges combined into larger extended convective 

 systems. The life cycle variables are lifetime (duration), 

 maximum area, and minimum cloud-top temperature. These are 

 compared to each other and to the speed of longitudinal motion. 

 Distributions and relationships between the life cycle variables 

 are similar to previous studies based on single-day lifetimes, 

 but the current study is globally extensive (all longitudes at 

 lower and middle latitudes) and multidecadal, which allows 

 extension of such results to rarer, larger, and longer-lived 

 convective systems than previous work. Velocity distributions 

 were monomodal with tails skewed in the direction of the zonal 

 mean wind, being almost purely eastward in the midlatitudes but 

 nearly symmetric in both directions with a small westward bias 

 in the tropics. Representative life cycles for each geographical 

 region are formed by averaging together systems with similar 

 lifetimes. These composite life cycles show that, except for the 

 first and last days, the daily evolution of most system 

 variables exhibits little variation during the average multiday 

 convective life cycle, although the cloud area goes through one 

 cycle of expansion and contraction in a lifetime."},

keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ro01510v,

title = {Atmospheric diabatic heating in different weather states and the general circulation},

author = {W. B. Rossow and Y. -C. Zhang and G. Tselioudis},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-Atmospheric-Diabatic-Heating-in-Different-Weather-States-and-the-General-Circulation.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0760.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {J. Climate},

volume = {29},

number = {3},

pages = {1059--1065},

keywords = {ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Raschke2016-dc,

title = {Comparison of radiative energy flows in observational datasets  and climate modeling},

author = {Ehrhard Raschke and Stefan Kinne and William B Rossow and Paul W Stackhouse and Martin Wild},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15588432-Journal-of-Applied-Meteorology-and-Climatology-Comparison-of-Radiative-Energy-Flows-in-Observational-Datasets-and-Climate-Modeling.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jamc-d-14-0281.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.},

volume = {55},

number = {1},

pages = {93--117},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstractThis study examines radiative flux distributions and 

 local spread of values from three major observational datasets 

 (CERES, ISCCP, and SRB) and compares them with results from 

 climate modeling (CMIP3). Examinations of the spread and 

 differences also differentiate among contributions from cloudy 

 and clear-sky conditions. The spread among observational 

 datasets is in large part caused by noncloud ancillary data. 

 Average differences of at least 10 W m−2 each for clear-sky 

 downward solar, upward solar, and upward infrared fluxes at the 

 surface demonstrate via spatial difference patterns major 

 differences in assumptions for atmospheric aerosol, solar 

 surface albedo and surface temperature, and/or emittance in 

 observational datasets. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), 

 observational datasets are less influenced by the ancillary data 

 errors than at the surface. Comparisons of spatial radiative 

 flux distributions at the TOA between observations and climate 

 modeling indicate large deficiencies in the strength and 

 distribution of model-simulated cloud radiative effects. 

 Differences are largest for lower-altitude clouds over 

 low-latitude oceans. Global modeling simulates stronger cloud 

 radiative effects (CRE) by +30 W m−2 over trade wind cumulus 

 regions, yet smaller CRE by about −30 W m−2 over (smaller in 

 area) stratocumulus regions. At the surface, climate modeling 

 simulates on average about 15 W m−2 smaller radiative net flux 

 imbalances, as if climate modeling underestimates latent heat 

 release (and precipitation). Relative to observational datasets, 

 simulated surface net fluxes are particularly lower over oceanic 

 trade wind regions (where global modeling tends to overestimate 

 the radiative impact of clouds). Still, with the uncertainty in 

 noncloud ancillary data, observational data do not establish a 

 reliable reference."},

keywords = {RADIATION EXCHANGES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ba08400wb,

title = {A new climatology for investigating storm influences in and on the extratropics},

author = {M. P. Bauer and G. Tselioudis and W. B. Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15588432-Journal-of-Applied-Meteorology-and-Climatology-A-New-Climatology-for-Investigating-Storm-Influences-in-and-on-the-Extratropics.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0245.1},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

urldate = {2016-01-01},

journal = {J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.},

volume = {55},

number = {5},

pages = {1287--1303},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ge08100s,

title = {Extension and statistical analysis of the GACP aerosol optical thickness record},

author = {I. V. Geogdzhayev and M. I. Mishchenko and J. Li and W. B. Rossow and L. Liu and B. Cairns},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2015_Atmos_Res_164_268.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.013},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Atmos. Res.},

volume = {164-165},

pages = {268--277},

keywords = {AEROSOLS},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{li06700y,

title = {An intercomparison of the spatio-temporal variability of satellite- and ground-based cloud datasets using spectral analysis techniques},

author = {J. Li and B. E. Carlson and W. B. Rossow and A. A. Lacis and Y. -C. Zhang},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-An-Intercomparison-of-the-Spatiotemporal-Variability-of-Satellite-and-Ground-Based-Cloud-Datasets-Using-Spectral-Analysis-Techniques.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00537.1},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J. Climate},

volume = {28},

number = {14},

pages = {5716--5736},

keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ro04410o,

title = {Evaluation of long-term calibrations of the AVHRR visible radiances},

author = {W. B. Rossow and J. Ferrier},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200426-Journal-of-Atmospheric-and-Oceanic-Technology-Evaluation-of-Long-Term-Calibrations-of-the-AVHRR-Visible-Radiances.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00134.1},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol.},

volume = {32},

number = {4},

pages = {744--766},

keywords = {ISCCP, SATELLITE CALIBRATION},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ta02100m,

title = {Increases in tropical rainfall driven by changes in frequency of organized deep convection},

author = {J. Tan and C. Jakob and W. B. Rossow and G. Tselioudis},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2015_tanetal.nature14339.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1038/nature14339},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Nature},

volume = {519},

pages = {451--454},

keywords = {PRECIPITATION, WATER VAPOR, WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gencaga2015-xt,

title = {A recipe for the estimation of information flow in a dynamical  system},

author = {Deniz Gencaga and Kevin Knuth and William Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/entropy-17-00438-v2.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.3390/e17010438},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

urldate = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Entropy (Basel)},

volume = {17},

number = {1},

pages = {438--470},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

keywords = {ANALYSIS, ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS, MODELS},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shahroudi2014-on,

title = {Using land surface microwave emissivities to isolate the  signature of snow on different surface types},

author = {Narges Shahroudi and William Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2014_Shahroudi_Rossow.1-s2.0-S0034425714002533-main.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.008},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-09-01},

urldate = {2014-09-01},

journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},

volume = {152},

pages = {638--653},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {The objective of this paper is to better isolate the snow 

 signature in microwave signals to be able to explore the ability 

 of satellite microwave measurements to determine snowpack 

 properties. The surface microwave effective emissivities used in 

 this study are derived from SSM/I passive microwave observations 

 by removing the contributions of the cloud and atmosphere and 

 then separating out the surface temperature variations using 

 ancillary atmospheric, cloud and surface data. The sensitivity 

 of the effective emissivity to the presence/absence of snow is 

 evaluated for the Northern Hemisphere. The effect of the 

 presence of snow, the variation of land types, and temperature 

 on the emissivities have been examined by observing the temporal 

 and spatial variability of these measurements between 19 and 85 

 GHz over the Northern Hemisphere. The time-anomaly of 

 differences between effective emissivity at 19 V and 85 V 

 enabled the constant effects of land surface vegetation 

 properties to be removed to isolate the snow signature. The 

 resulting 12-year snow signal combined with skin temperature 

 data can detect the existence of snow cover over the Northern 

 Hemisphere on daily basis. The results of this method compared 

 with the operational NOAA weekly snow cover maps agree at 90% 

 of locations and times. Most of the disagreements could be 

 explained by rapid evolution of snow emissivities associated 

 with freeze--melt--refreeze cycles and precipitation (snowfall), 

 and some of them by the space--time resolution differences of 

 the microwave and operational snow cover determinations. These 

 results compared with the NISE, NOAA IMS, CMC, and MODIS, and 

 snow products agree within 78% to 92%.},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rossow2014-rk,

title = {Clouds in weather and climate: The international satellite cloud  climatology project at 30: What do we know and what do we still  need to know?},

author = {William Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200477-Clouds-in-Weather-and-Climate_-The-International-Satellite-Cloud-Climatology-Project-at-30_-What-Do-We-Know-and-What-Do-We-Still-Need-to-Know_.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/bams-d-13-00138.1},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-03-01},

urldate = {2014-03-01},

journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.},

volume = {95},

number = {3},

pages = {441--443},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

keywords = {ISCCP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Stubenrauch2013-ka,

title = {Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and  database initiated by the GEWEX Radiation Panel},

author = {C J Stubenrauch and W B Rossow and S Kinne and S Ackerman and G Cesana and H Chepfer and L Di Girolamo and B Getzewich and A Guignard and A Heidinger and B C Maddux and W P Menzel and P Minnis and C Pearl and S Platnick and C Poulsen and J Riedi and S Sun-Mack and A Walther and D Winker and S Zeng and G Zhao},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200477-Bulletin-of-the-American-Meteorological-Society-Assessment-of-Global-Cloud-Datasets-from-Satellites_-Project-and-Database-Initiated-by-the-GEWEX-Radiation-Panel.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/bams-d-12-00117.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-07-01},

urldate = {2013-07-01},

journal = {Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.},

volume = {94},

number = {7},

pages = {1031--1049},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {Clouds cover about 70% of Earth's surface and play a dominant 

 role in the energy and water cycle of our planet. Only satellite 

 observations provide a continuous survey of the state of the 

 atmosphere over the entire globe and across the wide range of 

 spatial and temporal scales that compose weather and climate 

 variability. Satellite cloud data records now exceed more than 

 25 years; however, climate data records must be compiled from 

 different satellite datasets and can exhibit systematic biases. 

 Questions therefore arise as to the accuracy and limitations of 

 the various sensors and retrieval methods. The Global Energy and 

 Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud Assessment, initiated in 

 2005 by the GEWEX Radiation Panel (GEWEX Data and Assessment 

 Panel since 2011), provides the first coordinated 

 intercomparison of publicly available, standard global cloud 

 products (gridded monthly statistics) retrieved from 

 measurements of multispectral imagers (some with multiangle view 

 and polarization capabilities), IR sounders, and lidar. Cloud 

 properties under study include cloud amount, cloud height (in 

 terms of pressure, temperature, or altitude), cloud 

 thermodynamic phase, and cloud radiative and bulk microphysical 

 properties (optical depth or emissivity, effective particle 

 radius, and water path). Differences in average cloud 

 properties, especially in the amount of high-level clouds, are 

 mostly explained by the inherent instrument measurement 

 capability for detecting and/or identifying optically thin 

 cirrus, especially when overlying low-level clouds. The study of 

 long-term variations with these datasets requires consideration 

 of many factors. The monthly gridded database presented here 

 facilitates further assessments, climate studies, and the 

 evaluation of climate models.},

keywords = {CLOUD PROPERTIES, ISCCP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lakhankar2013-zx,

title = {CREST-Snow Field Experiment: analysis of snowpack properties  using multi-frequency microwave remote sensing data},

author = {T Y Lakhankar and J Mu noz and P Romanov and A M Powell and N Y Krakauer and W B Rossow and R M Khanbilvardi},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/hess-17-783-2013.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.5194/hess-17-783-2013},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-02-01},

urldate = {2013-02-01},

journal = {Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.},

volume = {17},

number = {2},

pages = {783--793},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract. The CREST-Snow Analysis and Field Experiment 

 (CREST-SAFE) was carried out during January--March 2011 at the 

 research site of the National Weather Service office, Caribou, 

 ME, USA. In this experiment dual-polarized microwave (37 and 89 

 GHz) observations were accompanied by detailed synchronous 

 observations of meteorology and snowpack physical properties. 

 The objective of this long-term field experiment was to improve 

 understanding of the effect of changing snow characteristics 

 (grain size, density, temperature) under various meteorological 

 conditions on the microwave emission of snow and hence to 

 improve retrievals of snow cover properties from satellite 

 observations. In this paper we present an overview of the field 

 experiment and comparative preliminary analysis of the 

 continuous microwave and snowpack observations and simulations. 

 The observations revealed a large difference between the 

 brightness temperature of fresh and aged snowpack even when the 

 snow depth was the same. This is indicative of a substantial 

 impact of evolution of snowpack properties such as snow grain 

 size, density and wetness on microwave observations. In the 

 early spring we frequently observed a large diurnal variation in 

 the 37 and 89 GHz brightness temperature with small 

 depolarization corresponding to daytime snowmelt and nighttime 

 refreeze events. SNTHERM (SNow THERmal Model) and the HUT 

 (Helsinki University of Technology) snow emission model were 

 used to simulate snowpack properties and microwave brightness 

 temperatures, respectively. Simulated snow depth and snowpack 

 temperature using SNTHERM were compared to in situ observations. 

 Similarly, simulated microwave brightness temperatures using the 

 HUT model were compared with the observed brightness 

 temperatures under different snow conditions to identify 

 different states of the snowpack that developed during the 

 winter season."},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, PRECIPITATION, SURFACE PROPERTIES, WATER VAPOR},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lee2013-mb,

title = {The precipitation characteristics of ISCCP tropical weather  states},

author = {Dongmin Lee and Lazaros Oreopoulos and George J Huffman and William B Rossow and In-Sik Kang},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-The-Precipitation-Characteristics-of-ISCCP-Tropical-Weather-States.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-11-00718.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-02-01},

urldate = {2013-02-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {26},

number = {3},

pages = {772--788},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract The authors examine the daytime precipitation 

 characteristics of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology 

 Project (ISCCP) weather states in the extended tropics 

 (35°S--35°N) for a 10-yr period. The main precipitation dataset 

 used is the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 

 Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis operational product 3B42 

 dataset, but Global Precipitation Climatology Project daily data 

 are also used for comparison. It is found that the most 

 convectively active ISCCP weather state (WS1), despite an 

 occurrence frequency below 10%, is the most dominant state with 

 regard to surface precipitation, producing both the largest mean 

 precipitation rates when present and the largest percent 

 contribution to the total precipitation of the tropics; yet, 

 even this weather state appears to not precipitate about half 

 the time, although this may be to some extent an artifact of 

 detection and spatiotemporal matching limitations of the 

 precipitation dataset. WS1 exhibits a modest annual cycle of the 

 domain-average precipitation rate, but notable seasonal shifts 

 in its geographic distribution. The precipitation rates of the 

 other weather states appear to be stronger when occurring before 

 or after WS1. The precipitation rates of the various weather 

 states are different between ocean and land, with WS1 producing 

 higher daytime rates on average over ocean than land, likely 

 because of the larger size and more persistent nature of oceanic 

 WS1s. The results of this study, in addition to advancing the 

 understanding of tropical hydrology, can serve as higher-order 

 diagnostics for evaluating the realism of tropical precipitation 

 distributions in large-scale models."},

keywords = {PRECIPITATION, WATER VAPOR, WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rossow2013-sz,

title = {Tropical precipitation extremes},

author = {William B Rossow and Ademe Mekonnen and Cindy Pearl and Weber Goncalves},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-Tropical-Precipitation-Extremes.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/jcli-d-11-00725.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-02-01},

urldate = {2013-02-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {26},

number = {4},

pages = {1457--1466},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstractClassifying tropical deep convective systems by the 

 mesoscale distribution of their cloud properties and sorting 

 matching precipitation measurements over an 11-yr period reveals 

 that the whole distribution of instantaneous precipitation 

 intensity and daily average accumulation rate is composed of (at 

 least) two separate distributions representing distinctly 

 different types of deep convection associated with different 

 meteorological conditions (the distributions of 

 non-deep-convective situations are also shown for completeness). 

 The two types of deep convection produce very different 

 precipitation intensities and occur with very different 

 frequencies of occurrence. Several previous studies have shown 

 that the interaction of the large-scale tropical circulation 

 with deep convection causes switching between these two types, 

 leading to a substantial increase of precipitation. In 

 particular, the extreme portion of the tropical precipitation 

 intensity distribution, above 2 mm h−1, is produced by 40% of 

 the larger, longer-lived mesoscale-organized type of convection 

 with only about 10% of the ordinary convection occurrences 

 producing such intensities. When average precipitation 

 accumulation rates are considered, essentially all of the values 

 above 2 mm h−1 are produced by the mesoscale systems. Yet 

 today's atmospheric models do not represent mesoscale-organized 

 deep convective systems that are generally larger than 

 current-day circulation model grid cell sizes but smaller than 

 the resolved dynamical scales and last longer than the typical 

 physics time steps. Thus, model-based arguments for how the 

 extreme part of the tropical precipitation distribution might 

 change in a warming climate are suspect."},

keywords = {WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ro00310j,

title = {Contributions of individual atmospheric diabatic heating processes to the generation of available potential energy},

author = {J. Romanski and W. B. Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2013_Romanski_ro00310j.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00457.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J. Climate},

volume = {26},

pages = {4244--4263},

keywords = {ENERGETICS, FEEDBACKS},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{st09020f,

title = {Evaluation of ISCCP multisatellite radiance calibration for geostationary imager visible channels using the Moon},

author = {T. C. Stone and W. B. Rossow and J. Ferrier and L. M. Finkelman},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2013_Stoneetal_TGRS.51.1255.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1109/TGRS.2012.2237520},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.},

volume = {51},

pages = {1255--1266},

keywords = {ISCCP, SATELLITE CALIBRATION},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{ts00300k,

title = {Global weather states and their properties from passive and active satellite cloud retrievals},

author = {G. Tselioudis and W. B. Rossow and Y. -C. Zhang and D. Konsta},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2013_Tselioudis_ts00300k.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00024.1},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

urldate = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J. Climate},

volume = {26},

pages = {7734--7746},

keywords = {WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Papa2012-ar,

title = {Ganga-Brahmaputra river discharge from Jason-2 radar  altimetry: An update to the long-term satellite-derived  estimates of continental freshwater forcing flux into the Bay of  Bengal},

author = {Fabrice Papa and Sujit K Bala and Rajesh K Pandey and Fabien Durand and V V Gopalakrishna and Atiqur Rahman and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Journal-of-Geophysical-Research-Oceans-2012-Papa-Ganga‐Brahmaputra-river-discharge-from-Jason‐2-radar-altimetry-An.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2012jc008158},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-11-01},

urldate = {2012-11-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {117},

number = {C11},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {[1] This paper discusses the use of Jason-2 radar altimeter 

 measurements to estimate the Ganga-Brahmaputra surface 

 freshwater flux into the Bay of Bengal for the period mid-2008 

 to December 2011. A previous estimate was generated for 

 1993--2008 using TOPEX-Poseidon, ERS-2 and ENVISAT, and is now 

 extended using Jason-2. To take full advantages of the new 

 availability of in situ rating curves, the processing scheme is 

 adapted and the adjustments of the methodology are discussed 

 here. First, using a large sample of in situ river height 

 measurements, we estimate the standard error of Jason-2--derived 

 water levels over the Ganga and the Brahmaputra to be 

 respectively of 0.28 m and 0.19 m, or less than ∼4% of the 

 annual peak-to-peak variations of these two rivers. Using the in 

 situ rating curves between water levels and river discharges, we 

 show that Jason-2 accurately infers Ganga and Brahmaputra 

 instantaneous discharges for 2008--2011 with mean errors ranging 

 from ∼2180 m3/s (6.5%) over the Brahmaputra to ∼1458 m3/s 

 (13%) over the Ganga. The combined Ganga-Brahmaputra monthly 

 discharges meet the requirements of acceptable accuracy 

 (15--20%) with a mean error of ∼16% for 2009--2011 and ∼17% 

 for 1993--2011. The Ganga-Brahmaputra monthly discharge at the 

 river mouths is then presented, showing a marked interannual 

 variability with a standard deviation of ∼12500 m3/s, much 

 larger than the data set uncertainty. Finally, using in situ sea 

 surface salinity observations, we illustrate the possible impact 

 of extreme continental freshwater discharge event on the 

 northern Bay of Bengal as observed in 2008.},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Norouzi2012-da,

title = {Using microwave brightness temperature diurnal cycle to improve  emissivity retrievals over land},

author = {Hamidreza Norouzi and William Rossow and Marouane Temimi and Catherine Prigent and Marzieh Azarderakhsh and Sid Boukabara and Reza Khanbilvardi},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2012_Norouzi_a40151a358285b3a1f422cec6b8e48aa.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2012.04.015},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-08-01},

urldate = {2012-08-01},

journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},

volume = {123},

pages = {470--482},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {To retrieve microwave land emissivity, infrared surface skin 

 temperatures have been used as surface physical temperature 

 since there is no global information on physical vegetation/soil 

 temperature profiles. However, passive microwave emissions 

 originate from deeper layers with respect to the skin 

 temperature. So, this inconsistency in sensitivity depths 

 between skin temperatures and microwave temperatures may 

 introduce a discrepancy in the determined emissivity. Previous 

 studies showed that this inconsistency can lead to significant 

 differences between day and night retrievals of land emissivity 

 which can exceed 10%. This study proposes an approach to 

 address this inconsistency and improve the retrieval of land 

 emissivity using microwave observations from Advanced Microwave 

 Scanning Radiometer--Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The 

 diurnal cycle of the microwave brightness temperature (Tb) was 

 constructed over the globe for different 

 frequencies/polarizations using a constellation of satellites. 

 Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to evaluate the 

 spatial variation of the Tb diurnal cycle. The diurnal 

 amplitudes of microwave temperatures observed in desert areas 

 were not consistent with the larger amplitudes of the diurnal 

 cycle of skin temperature. Densely vegetated areas with more 

 moisture have shown smaller amplitudes. A lookup table of 

 effective temperature (Teff) anomalies is constructed based on 

 the Tb diurnal cycle to resolve the inconsistencies between 

 infrared and Tb diurnal variation. This lookup table of Teff 

 anomalies is a weighted average over the layers contributing to 

 the microwave signal, for each channel and month. The 

 integration of this Teff in the retrieval of land emissivity 

 reduced the differences between day and night retrieved 

 emissivities to less than 0.01 for AMSR-E observations.},

keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Papa2012-rt,

title = {Uncertainties in mean river discharge estimates associated with  satellite altimeter temporal sampling intervals: A case study  for the annual peak flow in the context of the future SWOT  hydrology mission},

author = {F Papa and S Biancamaria and C Lion and W B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2012_Papa_etal_IEEE_GRSL-1.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1109/lgrs.2011.2174958.},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-07-01},

urldate = {2012-07-01},

journal = {IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett.},

volume = {9},

number = {4},

pages = {569--573},

publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jimenez2012-bo,

title = {A comparison of ISCCP land surface temperature with other  satellite and in situ observations},

author = {Carlos Jim\'{e}nez and Catherine Prigent and Julie Catherinot and William Rossow and Pan Liang and Jean-Luc Moncet},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/A_comparison_of_ISCCP_land_surface_temperature_wit-1.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2011jd017058},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-04-01},

urldate = {2012-04-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {117},

number = {D8},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {[1] Land surface skin temperature (LST) estimates from the 

 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) are 

 compared with estimates from the satellite instruments AIRS and 

 MODIS, and in situ observations from CEOP. ISCCP has generally 

 slightly warmer nighttime LSTs compared with AIRS and MODIS 

 (global) and CEOP (at specific sites). Differences are smaller 

 than 2K, similar to other reported biases between satellite 

 estimates. Larger differences are found in the day-time LSTs, 

 especially for those regions where large LST values occur. 

 Inspection of the AIRS and ISCCP brightness temperatures at the 

 top of the atmosphere (TOA-BT) reveals that where the LSTs 

 differ so too do the TOA-BT values. Area-averaged day-time 

 TOA-BT values can differ as much as 5K in very dry regions. This 

 could be related to differences in sensor calibration, but also 

 to the large LST gradients at the AIRS mid-day overpass that 

 likely amplify the impact of sensor mismatches. Part of the 

 studied LST differences are also explained by discrepancies in 

 the AIRS and ISCCP characterization of the surface (emissivity) 

 and the atmosphere (water vapor). ISCCP calibration procedures 

 are currently being revised to account better for sensor 

 spectral response differences, and alternative atmospheric and 

 surface data sets are being tested as part of a complete ISCCP 

 reprocessing. This is expected to result in an improved ISCCP 

 LST record.},

keywords = {ISCCP, SURFACE PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{or03000u,

title = {The Continual Intercomparison of Radiation Codes: Results from Phase I},

author = {L. Oreopoulos and E. J. Mlawer and J. S. Delamere and T. Shippert and J. Cole and B. Fomin and M. J. Iacono and Z. Jin and J. Li and J. Manners and P. R\'{e}is\'{e}nen and F. G. Rose and Y. -C. Zhang and M. J. Wilson and W. B. Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Journal-of-Geophysical-Research-Atmospheres-2012-Oreopoulos-The-Continual-Intercomparison-of-Radiation-Codes-.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2011JD016821},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {117},

number = {D6},

pages = {D06117},

keywords = {RADIATION EXCHANGES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pr04400m,

title = {Changes in land surface water dynamics since the 1990s and relation to population pressure},

author = {C. Prigent and F. Papa and F. Aires and C. Jim\'{e}nez and W. B. Rossow and E. Matthews},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2012_Prigent_pr04400m.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2012GL051276},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

urldate = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Geophys. Res. Lett.},

volume = {39},

pages = {L08403},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY, SURFACE PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Azarderakhsh2011-zx,

title = {Diagnosing water variations within the Amazon basin using  satellite data},

author = {Marzieh \"{A}zarderakhsh and William B Rossow and Fabrice Papa and Hamidreza Norouzi and Reza" Khanbilvardi},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/jgrd17272.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2011jd015997},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-12-01},

urldate = {2011-12-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {116},

number = {D24},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

abstract = {[1] The components of the Amazon water budget and their 

 spatiotemporal variability are diagnosed using monthly averaged 

 remote sensing-based data products for the period September 

 2002-December 2006. The large Amazon basin is divided into 14 

 smaller watersheds, and for each of these sub-basins, fresh 

 water discharge is estimated from the water balance equation 

 using satellite data products. The purpose of this study is to 

 learn how to apply satellite data with global coverage over the 

 large tropical regions; therefore several combinations of remote 

 sensing estimates including total water storage changes, 

 precipitation and evapotranspiration. The results are compared 

 to gauge-based measurements and the best spatiotemporal 

 agreement between estimated and observed runoff is within 1 mm/d 

 for the combination of precipitation from the GPCP and the 

 Montana evapotranspiration product. Mean annual precipitation, 

 evapotranspiration and runoff for the whole basin are estimated 

 to be 6.3, 2.27 and 3.02 mm/d respectively but also show large 

 spatial and temporal variations at sub-basin scale. Using the 

 most consistent data combination, the seasonal dynamics of the 

 water budget within the Amazon system are examined. Agreement 

 between satellite based and in situ runoff is improved when 

 lag-times between sub-basins are included (RMSE from 0.98 to 

 0.61 mm/d). We estimate these lag times based on 

 satellite-inferred inundation extents. The results reveal not 

 only variations of the basin forcing but also the complex 

 response of the inter-connected sub-basin (SB) water budgets. 

 Inter-annual and inter-SB variation of the water components are 

 investigated and show large anomalies in northwestern and 

 eastern downstream SBs; aggregate behavior of the whole Amazon 

 is more complex than can be represented by a simple integral of 

 the forcing over the whole river system.},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Norouzi2011-bj,

title = {The sensitivity of land emissivity estimates from AMSR-E at  C and X bands to surface properties},

author = {H Norouzi and M Temimi and W B Rossow and C Pearl and M Azarderakhsh and R Khanbilvardi},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/hess-15-3577-2011.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.5194/hess-15-3577-2011},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-11-01},

urldate = {2011-11-01},

journal = {Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.},

volume = {15},

number = {11},

pages = {3577--3589},

publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract. Microwave observations at low frequencies exhibit more 

 sensitivity to surface and subsurface properties with little 

 interference from the atmosphere. The objective of this study is 

 to develop a global land emissivity product using passive 

 microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning 

 Radiometer -- Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and to investigate 

 its sensitivity to land surface properties. The developed 

 product complements existing land emissivity products from SSM/I 

 and AMSU by adding land emissivity estimates at two lower 

 frequencies, 6.9 and 10.65 GHz (C- and X-band, respectively). 

 Observations at these low frequencies penetrate deeper into the 

 soil layer. Ancillary data used in the analysis, such as surface 

 skin temperature and cloud mask, are obtained from International 

 Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Atmospheric 

 properties are obtained from the TIROS Operational Vertical 

 Sounder (TOVS) observations to determine the small upwelling and 

 downwelling atmospheric emissions as well as the atmospheric 

 transmission. A sensitivity test confirms the small effect of 

 the atmosphere but shows that skin temperature accuracy can 

 significantly affect emissivity estimates. Retrieved 

 emissivities at C- and X-bands and their polarization 

 differences exhibit similar patterns of variation with changes 

 in land cover type, soil moisture, and vegetation density as 

 seen at SSM/I-like frequencies (Ka and Ku bands). The emissivity 

 maps from AMSR-E at these higher frequencies agree reasonably 

 well with the existing SSM/I-based product. The inherent 

 discrepancy introduced by the difference between SSM/I and 

 AMSR-E frequencies, incidence angles, and calibration has been 

 assessed. Significantly greater standard deviation of estimated 

 emissivities compared to SSM/I land emissivity product was found 

 over desert regions. Large differences between emissivity 

 estimates from ascending and descending overpasses were found at 

 lower frequencies due to the inconsistency between thermal IR 

 skin temperatures and passive microwave brightness temperatures 

 which can originate from below the surface. The mismatch between 

 day and night AMSR-E emissivities is greater than ascending and 

 descending differences of SSM/I emissivity. This is because of 

 unique orbit time of AMSR-E (01:30 a.m./p.m. LT) while other 

 microwave sensors have orbit time of 06:00 to 09:00 (a.m./p.m.). 

 This highlights the importance of considering the penetration 

 depth of the microwave signal and diurnal variability of the 

 temperature in emissivity retrieval. The effect of these factors 

 is greater for AMSR-E observations than SSM/I observations, as 

 AMSR-E observations exhibit a greater difference between day and 

 night measures. This issue must be addressed in future studies 

 to improve the accuracy of the emissivity estimates especially 

 at AMSR-E lower frequencies."},

keywords = {SURFACE PROPERTIES},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mekonnen2011-vi,

title = {The interaction between deep convection and easterly waves over  tropical North Africa: A weather state perspective},

author = {Ademe Mekonnen and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/15200442-Journal-of-Climate-The-Interaction-Between-Deep-Convection-and-Easterly-Waves-over-Tropical-North-Africa_-A-Weather-State-Perspective.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1175/2011jcli3900.1.},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-08-01},

urldate = {2011-08-01},

journal = {J. Clim.},

volume = {24},

number = {16},

pages = {4276--4294},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Meteorological Society},

abstract = {\"{A}bstract The interaction between deep convection and easterly 

 waves over tropical North Africa is studied using a weather 

 state (WS) dataset from the International Cloud Climatology 

 Project (ISCCP) and reanalysis products from the European Centre 

 for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, as well as radiative fluxes 

 from ISCCP and a precipitation dataset from the Global 

 Precipitation Climatology Project. Composite analysis based on 

 21 yr of data shows that stronger latent and radiative heating 

 of the atmosphere are associated with stronger, more organized, 

 convective activity than with weaker, less organized, convective 

 activity, implying that any transition from less to more 

 organized and stronger convection increases atmospheric heating. 

 Regression composites based on a meridional wind predictor 

 reveal coherent westward propagation of WS and large-scale wind 

 anomalies from the Arabian Sea into East Africa and through West 

 Africa. The analysis shows that enhanced, but unorganized, 

 convective activity, which develops over the Arabian Sea and 

 western Indian Ocean, switches to organized convective activity 

 prior to the appearance of the African easterly wave (AEW) 

 signature. The results also suggest that low-level moisture flux 

 convergence and the upper-tropospheric wind divergence 

 facilitate this change. Thus, the upper-level easterly waves, 

 propagating into East Africa from the Indian Ocean, enhance one 

 form of convection, which interacts with the Ethiopian highlands 

 to trigger another, more organized, form of convection that, in 

 turn, initiates the low-level AEWs."},

keywords = {WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Oreopoulos2011-dw,

title = {The cloud radiative effects of International Satellite Cloud  Climatology Project weather states},

author = {Lazaros Oreopoulos and William B Rossow},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2011_OreopoulosRossow_JD015472.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1029/2010JD015472},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

urldate = {2011-06-01},

journal = {J. Geophys. Res.},

volume = {116},

number = {D12},

publisher = {\"{A}merican Geophysical Union (AGU)},

keywords = {RADIATION EXCHANGES, WEATHER STATE},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Frappart2011-qo,

title = {Satellite-based estimates of groundwater storage variations in  large drainage basins with extensive floodplains},

author = {Fr\'{e}d\'{e}ric Frappart and Fabrice Papa and Andreas G\"{u}ntner and Susanna Werth and Joecila Santos da Silva and Javier Tomasella and Fr\'{e}d\'{e}rique Seyler and Catherine Prigent and William B Rossow and St\'{e}phane Calmant and Marie-Paule Bonnet},

url = {https://www.williambrossow.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/2011_Frappart_etal_RSE.pdf, Download file},

doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.003},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-06-01},

urldate = {2011-06-01},

journal = {Remote Sens. Environ.},

volume = {115},

number = {6},

pages = {1588--1594},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

abstract = {This study presents monthly estimates of groundwater anomalies 

 in a large river basin dominated by extensive floodplains, the 

 Negro River Basin, based on the synergistic analysis using 

 multisatellite observations and hydrological models. For the 

 period 2003--2004, changes in water stored in the aquifer is 

 isolated from the total water storage measured by GRACE by 

 removing contributions of both the surface reservoir, derived 

 from satellite imagery and radar altimetry, and the root zone 

 reservoir simulated by WGHM and LaD hydrological models. The 

 groundwater anomalies show a realistic spatial pattern compared 

 with the hydrogeological map of the basin, and similar temporal 

 variations to local in situ groundwater observations and 

 altimetry-derived level height measurements. Results highlight 

 the potential of combining multiple satellite techniques with 

 hydrological modeling to estimate the evolution of groundwater 

 storage.},

keywords = {LAND HYDROLOGY},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}